Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO), a key northern region close to the Karakoram Pass.Galwan Valley, where Shyok and Galwan rivers meet.There are several disputed areas along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), including in Himachal, Uttarakhand and Sikkim.China claims about 90,000 sq km of India’s territory in the northeast, including Arunachal, while India says 38,000 sq km of land in China-occupied Aksai Chin should be a part of Ladakh.Though the Chinese representatives at the meeting initialed the agreement, they subsequently refused to accept it. McMahon proposed the line in the Simla Accord in 1914to settle the boundary between Tibet and India, and Tibet and China.

China considers the McMahon line illegal.The majority of the territory of Arunachal Pradesh is claimed by China as a part of Southern Tibet.The boundary line is called McMahon Line runs from the eastern limit of Bhutan to a point near the Talu Pass at the trijunction of Tibet, India, and Myanmar. In the eastern sector, India shares a 1140km boundary with China.The states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand touch the border with Tibet in this sector.This is the only sector where the both countries have less disagreement. In the middle sector, India shares about 625km of the border with China.It is concurrent with the Chinese Aksai Chin claim line. At present, Line of Actual Control (LAC) is the line separating Indian areas of Ladakh from Aksai Chin.The different claims and perceptions of LAC have led to an overlapping area, within that area lies a small zone which both the sides patrol causing clashes of the Indian and the Chinese army.India considers Johnson Line as a rightful national border with China, while on the other hand, China considers the McDonald Line as the correct border with India. under India’s control whereas McDonald Line places it under China’s control. The Johnson’s line shows Aksai Chin in Ladakh i.e.During the British rule in India two borderlines were proposed – Johnson’s line and McDonald line in 18 respectively. The dispute is said to be due to the failure of the British empire as it failed to demarcate a legal border between both countries.India claims it as part of erstwhile Kashmir, while China claims it is part of Xinjiang. The territorial dispute in the western sector is over Aksai Chin.It is between the union territory of Ladakh (erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir) and the Xinjiang province of China.In the western sector, India shares about a 2152 km border with China.The Sino-Indian border is generally divided into three sectors namely: Western sector, Middle sector, and Eastern sector.The root cause lies in an ill-defined, 3,440km (2,100-mile)-long borderthat both countries dispute.Four states - Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand (erstwhile part of UP), Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh and Union Territories of Ladakh (erstwhile state of Jammu & Kashmir) share a border with China.Root cause of border dispute between India & China:

Relations between India and China have come under “severe stress” time and again in the last decade due to multiple border stand-offs along the Line of Actual Control.

Relations between contemporary China and India have been characterized by border disputes, resulting in military conflicts like - the Sino-Indian War of 1962, the Chola incident in 1967, the 1987 Sino-Indian and the 2020 India-China skirmish.

There have been cultural and economic ties between the two countries since ancient times.

India-China-relations date back to more than 2,000 years ago.

Indigenous satellite communications: China is promoting the use of an indigenously built Tiantong satellite communication system to reduce its dependence on foreign origin sat phone communications.

China is using drones for supplying vaccines in the border areas for effective last mile coverage at several locations and for supplying rations and other essential items to personnel deployed close on the border.

China is also increasingly deploying its advanced UAVs in Tibet close to the LAC.

There is a significant increase in their use for a variety of tasks from intelligence, surveillance and target acquisition and reconnaissance (ISTAR) capabilities and logistics support.

Context: China continues to expand its unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) network and usage in areas close to the Line of Actual Control (LAC).

Line of actual control